{"id":5971,"date":"2025-08-29T03:07:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T03:07:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gambutkita.org\/?p=5971"},"modified":"2026-05-22T09:35:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T09:35:14","slug":"nyamplung-a-green-hope-for-biofuel-and-peatland-restoration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gambutkita.org\/id\/nyamplung-a-green-hope-for-biofuel-and-peatland-restoration\/","title":{"rendered":"Nyamplung: Harapan Hijau untuk BIofuel dan Restorasi Lahan Gambut"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Nyamplung (<\/span>Calophyllum inophyllum<\/span><\/i>) adalah pohon yang tumbuh lambat dan dapat ditemukan di daerah tropis pesisir di Asia, Afrika, dan daerah Pasifik. Daunnya yang lebat membuatnya cocok sebagai pohon penahan angin, sehingga sering ditanam di tepi jalan. Secara tradisional, pohon ini memiliki banyak kegunaan. Kayunya digunakan dalam pembuatan kapal, terutama untuk perahu kecil dan kano. Minyak dari bijinya, yang disebut minyak tamanu, telah lama digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai masalah kulit dan saat ini digunakan dalam produk perawatan kulit.<\/span>Khasiat obatnya sangat mengesankan, dengan potensi antibakteri, anti-inflamasi, antikanker, dan anti-HIV.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pada tahun 2015, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral meluncurkan program pengembangan tanaman bioenergi menggunakan lahan terdegradasi di Kalimantan Tengah. Inisiatif ini didorong oleh mandat pemerintah Indonesia untuk secara bertahap meningkatkan penggunaan biodiesel dalam bahan bakar transportasi. Lahan terdegradasi sangat banyak di Kalimantan Tengah, tetapi sedikit yang diketahui tentang jenis tanaman bioenergi yang dapat tumbuh di sana. Untuk mengatasi kesenjangan pengetahuan ini, peneliti dari Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangka Raya, bersama dengan CIFOR, menguji pertumbuhan empat spesies tanaman di lahan gambut yang terdegradasi1<\/sup><\/span>. Tanaman yang dipilih adalah gamal (<\/span>Gliricidia sepium<\/span><\/i>), kaliandra (<\/span>Calliandra calothyrsus<\/span><\/i>), yang sering digunakan untuk produksi biomassa; kemiri sunan (<\/span>Reutealis trisperma<\/span><\/i>) dan nyamplung, yang bijinya memiliki potensi tinggi untuk biodiesel. Tanaman-tanaman ini juga dipilih karena ketahanannya terhadap kondisi tanah ekstrem, dan diketahui bahwa tanah gambut asam dan rendah unsur hara dibandingkan dengan jenis tanah lainnya. <\/span><\/p>


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Uji coba dilakukan dari Maret 2016 hingga Februari 2017 di Desa Buntoi, Pulang Pisau, pada dua petak lahan gambut dangkal (kedalaman 50-100 cm) seluas satu hektar masing-masing, dengan kondisi monokultur dan agroforestri. Dari empat spesies yang diuji, nyamplung menunjukkan pertumbuhan terbaik, dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 88% dan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dalam kondisi agroforestri. Kami berbicara dengan Dr. Siti Maimunah, yang memimpin percobaan ini, dan ia percaya bahwa nyamplung adalah tanaman biofuel paling cocok yang kami tahu untuk ditanam di lahan gambut yang terdegradasi. Kemampuannya beradaptasi dengan kondisi tergenang air membuatnya cocok untuk lahan gambut, yang perlu tetap basah agar sehat. <\/span>Manfaat ekologisnya lebih luas: bunga nyamplung menjadi makanan lebah, dan buahnya jadi pakan untuk burung dan mamalia kecil.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Papan tanda untuk demplot di Kalampangan.\n<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pada tanggal 23 Juli, kami bersama Dr. Siti mengunjungi kebun percobaan nyamplung di Kalampangan, di pinggiran Kota Palangka Raya. Kebun tersebut seluas tiga hektar dan terletak di lahan milik Dinas Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Pada tahun 2018, Dr. Siti menanam bibit nyamplung dari Kawasan Hutan dengan Tujuan Khusus (KHDTK) di Wonogiri dengan jarak tanam 5 x 5 meter. Tujuh tahun kemudian, 50% pohon nyamplung bertahan hidup, tumbuh hingga sekitar lima meter, namun hanya sedikit yang berbuah. <\/span>Lahan tersebut hanya dipantau secara tahunan dan dibiarkan tanpa perawatan. Ini memberikan gambaran tentang ketahanan nyamplung. <\/span>Ada beberapa pohon akasia yang tumbuh secara alami di lahan tersebut. <\/span>Namun, pertumbuhan alami pohon akasia yang bersifat allelopatik menghambat perkembangan nyamplung. Hal ini menyoroti pentingnya pemilihan lokasi dan kesesuaian spesies dalam perencanaan restorasi.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dr. Siti Maimunah di sebelah pohon nyamplung yang sudah dewasa.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hanya ada beberapa pohon yang berbuah di lahan demplot .<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTerdapat banyak penelitian dan artikel yang membahas potensi besar nyamplung sebagai sumber biofuel<\/span>. <\/span>Nyamplung memenuhi standar biofuel yang ditetapkan oleh American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Dalam hal produksi minyak, nyamplung unggul dibandingkan tanaman biofuel lainnya, seperti kelapa sawit (<\/span>Elaeis guineensis<\/span><\/i>). <\/span>\u00a0Satu hektar nyamplung dapat menghasilkan hingga 10 ton minyak biji mentah\u2014dua kali lipat dari kelapa sawit2<\/sup><\/span>. Dari buah yang dipanen, hasil minyak nyamplung mencapai 40-73%, sedangkan kelapa sawit 46-54%. Karena minyak tamanu tidak dapat dikonsumsi manusia, penggunaannya sebagai biofuel tidak akan mengancam ketahanan pangan, sedangkan minyak sawit bisa. <\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPemerintah Indonesia pernah mencoba mengembangkan minyak tamanu sebagai mata pencaharian pada tahun 2009, memanfaatkan potensinya sebagai biofuel dengan membuat program desa mandiri energi (DME). Mereka menunjuk tiga desa sebagai DME yang terdapat banyak pohon nyamplung; Ambal dan Patutrejo di Jawa Tengah, serta Buluagung di Jawa Timur, dan menyediakan fasilitas untuk mengolah buah nyamplung menjadi minyak. Namun, fasilitas tersebut ditinggalkan pada awal 2010. Melalui penyelidikan oleh mahasiswa IPB, terungkap bahwa mesin-mesin tersebut sebenarnya dibuat untuk mengolah jatropha (<\/span>Jatropha curcas<\/span><\/i>) tanaman biofuel lain, dan tidak bisa digunakan untuk nyamplung3<\/sup><\/span>. Meskipun menghadapi tantangan tersebut, masyarakat setempat tetap mengumpulkan buah nyamplung untuk mencari nafkah. Di Desa Patutrejo, Pak Barino mengelola usaha yang dapat memproduksi 600-1000 liter minyak tamanu mentah per hari dan ia menghasilkan hingga Rp7 juta per hari4<\/span>. Hal ini merupakan hasil dari keyakinannya yang tak tergoyahkan terhadap potensi nyamplung dan ketekunannya sejak 2009, mencari tahu sendiri cara mengolah buah tersebut menjadi minyak.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Begitu banyaknya bukti manfaat nyamplung untuk restorasi lahan gambut dan penggunaannya menimbulkan pertanyaan mengapa hampir tidak ada yang menggunakan nyamplung dalam program restorasi-mata pencaharian lahan gambut di Kalimantan. Nyamplung dapat tumbuh di lahan gambut dan memiliki berbagai manfaat. Menurut Dr. Siti, nyamplung sebagai sumber biofuel menghadapi persaingan yang ketat dengan industri kelapa sawit, yang sudah memiliki pasar dan rantai pasok yang mapan. Saat ini, ada permintaan global yang meningkat untuk minyak tamanu dalam produk perawatan kulit dan farmasi, terutama di Jepang dan Korea Selatan. Dr. Siti mengatakan bahwa <\/span>bagi petani di Kalimantan, nyamplung dapat menjadi tanaman sampingan yang layak dalam sistem agroforestri.<\/span> Karena membutuhkan empat tahun untuk berbuah, menggabungkannya dengan komoditas jangka pendek memastikan kelayakan ekonomi. <\/span>Nyamplung lebih dari sekadar sumber biofuel\u2014ia merupakan simbol ketahanan ekologi dan peluang ekonomi. Kemampuannya untuk tumbuh subur di lahan gambut yang terdegradasi, mendukung keanekaragaman hayati, dan menghasilkan pendapatan menjadikannya aset strategis untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pertanyaannya kini bukan apakah nyamplung dapat memberikan hasil\u2014tetapi apakah kita siap untuk berinvestasi dalam potensinya.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Referensi<\/p>

  1. Maimunah, S., Rahman, S. A., Samsudin, Y. B., Artati, Y., Simamora, T. I., Andini, S., Lee, S. M., & Baral, H. (2018). Assessment of suitability of tree species for bioenergy production on burned and degraded peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. <\/span>Land<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>7<\/span><\/i>(4), 115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land7040115\u00a0<\/span><\/li>
  2. Johanssen , M. (n.d.). Traditional Tamanu: Healing land and body. <\/span>Forests News<\/span><\/i>. May 15, 2025, https:\/\/forestsnews.cifor.org\/68011\/traditional-tamanu-healing-land-and-body?fnl=en\u00a0<\/span><\/li>
  3. Ipb.ac.id. (2023, October 16). <\/span>Tim PKM IPB University Ungkap Mangkraknya pabrik program Desa Mandiri energi Nyamplung Patutrejo<\/span><\/i>. IPB University. https:\/\/www.ipb.ac.id\/news\/index\/2023\/10\/tim-pkm-ipb-university-ungkap-mangkraknya-pabrik-program-desa-mandiri-energi-nyamplung-patutrejo\/\u00a0<\/span><\/li>
  4. Fajar, J. (2021, December 29). <\/span>Kisah para Pejuang BBN Nyamplung<\/span><\/i>. Mongabay.co.id. https:\/\/mongabay.co.id\/2021\/12\/29\/kisah-para-pejuang-bbn-nyamplung\/\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ol>

    \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Dari empat spesies yang diuji, nyamplung menunjukkan pertumbuhan terbaik, dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 88% dan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dalam kondisi agroforestri. Kami berbicara dengan Dr. Siti Maimunah, yang memimpin percobaan ini, dan ia percaya bahwa nyamplung adalah tanaman biofuel paling cocok yang kami tahu untuk ditanam di lahan gambut yang terdegradasi. Kemampuannya beradaptasi dengan kondisi tergenang air membuatnya cocok untuk lahan gambut, yang perlu tetap basah agar sehat. Manfaat ekologisnya lebih luas: bunga nyamplung menjadi makanan lebah, dan buahnya jadi pakan untuk burung dan mamalia kecil.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":5979,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nNyamplung: A Green Hope for Biofuel and Peatland Restoration - Gambut Kita<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gambutkita.org\/id\/nyamplung-a-green-hope-for-biofuel-and-peatland-restoration\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nyamplung: A Green Hope for Biofuel and Peatland Restoration - Gambut Kita\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Out of the four species, nyamplung performed the best, with a survival rate of 88% and had better growth in agroforestry conditions. We spoke with Dr. Siti Maimunah, who took the lead in this experiment, and she believes that nyamplung is the most suitable biofuel plant that we know of to grow on degraded peatland. Its adaptability to waterlogged conditions makes it perfect for peatland, which needs to remain wet to be healthy. 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